阅读应当成为吸引学生爱好的最重要的发源地。我的教育信念的真理之一，便是无比相信书的教育力量。——苏霍姆林斯基
1. 首先寻找连词：连词包含并列连词，从属连词和关系词，并且依据连词将长句划分成短句；
2. 依据五大句型基本结构，判断短句的句子成分。注意区分谓语动词和非谓语动词（现在分词，动名词，过去分词，不定式），明确句子的谓语动词，剥离定语，状语，从而确定句子的基本结构。
第1句
时间状语从句，定语从句
1. When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.
长句分析：
(1) When 引导的是时间状语从句;
(2) He had seen: 是一个定语从句，修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语，因此省略了关系代词that。注意：先行词为不定代词everything时，关系代词不可使用Which；
(3) To the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语；
(4) Describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;
长句翻译: 当他回来时，这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。
第2句
目的状语从句，宾语从句
2. The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.
长句分析：(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句，so 前面的句子是主句，that 后面的句子是目的状语从句；
(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语，it 是指示代词， 指代的是robot. What在宾语从句中充当do的宾语；
(3) have to : 不得不;劝告或建议时用;表示一定真实或肯定发生;
(4) have a way to do something : 拥有做某事的方法；
长句翻译：机器人必须有一个特定的方式来接收程序，这样它才能知道它要做什么。
第3句
定语从句
3. The company Jackie chose planned to employ only one person, but more than twenty people applied for the job.
长句分析：(1) 并列连词but 链接了两并列句,前面一个句子为复合句;
(2) Jackie chose: 是一个定语从句,用来修饰先行词company的,由于定语从句中缺少宾语,所以该定语从句省略了关系代词that/which;
(3) Choose: 选择；选取；挑选；决定;过去式:chose, 过去分词:chosen;
(4) Plan to do something: 计划做某事;
(5) More than + 数量词: 超过,多余,相当于over;
(6) Apply for : 提出申请；申请…职位；请求;
长句翻译: 杰基选择的那家公司只打算雇用一个人，但有二十多个人申请了这份工作。
第4句
定语从句
4. Around this time, I started playing in a band with a Chinese man who became one of my best friends in Beijing.
长句分析：
（1）who引导了一个定语从句，修饰先行词a Chinese man;
（2）Around : 大约, Around this time的大约这个时候;
（3） Start doing something: 开始做某事;
长句翻译: 大约在这个时候，我开始和一个中国人在一个乐队里演奏，他成了我在北京最好的朋友之一。
第5句
条件状语从句
5. I will tell you about it if no water is spilt when you reach here.
长句分析：
（1）主句是I will tell you about it， if 引导条件状语从句，when引导时间状语从句；
（2）Tell somebody something = tell something to somebody: 告诉某人某事；
（3）Spill: 溢出，涌出，蜂拥而出。过去式：spilt/spilled; 过去分词：spilt/spilled;
现在分词：spilling
长句翻译:如果你到这儿时没有水溅出来，我会告诉你的。
第6句
结果状语从句
6. The crocodile noticed that accident, so down he dived, and brought it up in his huge mouth.
长句分析：
(1) So 前后链接的两个句子表示因果关系，前面是因，后面是果；
(2) Down he dived : 是将副词down 提到了主语的前面，用与强调down;
(3) Dive: 猛冲；(头朝下)跳入水中；
(4) Bring something up: 养育,抚养,养大;谈及;提出;呕吐,咳出;
长句翻译:鳄鱼注意到了这个意外，于是他潜了下去，用大嘴把它带上来。
第7句
原因状语从句，宾语从句，比较状语从句
1. Frost thinks kids don`t find the experience of being taught by smart machine as strange as older people because they have grown up in a time of computers and smart phones.
长句分析：
（1）because引导了一个原因状语从句，前面为主语，后面为从句；
（2）thinks 后面是宾语从句，该宾语从句省略了引导词that;
（3）as strange as: 引导了比较状语从句，第一个as 前面是主句，第二个as和后面是从句；
（4）在宾语从句kids don`t find , find 是谓语， the experience of … 是宾语且核心词是experience, strange是宾语补足语；
（5）Of being taught : being taught 是动名词的被动语态，做介词Of的宾语，因为孩子是被智能机器教，因此使用倍动态；
（6）In a time of : 在原因状语从句中充当grown up的时间状语。
词汇语法解析：
（1）find + somebody/something + 形容词：发现/认为/觉得 某人/某怎么样。形容词为宾语补足语，和宾语somebody/something 构成了复合宾语：
find the book interesting: 觉得这本书很有趣；
（2）动名词的被动语态：being done
The boy missed being hurt by the car.
这个男孩避免了被车伤到；
（3）grow up: 长大；
（4）in a time of : 在…时期
句子翻译：
Frost认为孩子们不像老人那样觉得被智能机器教导的经历和奇怪，因为他们生长在一个手机和电脑都很普及的时代。
第8句
非限定性定语从句
2. She and a group friends are using their program skill to create a new app called Food of Thought , which will allow parents, students and even kind-hearted strangers to donate money to lunch accounts for students who are in a nearby school.
长句分析：
（1）首先寻找连词，关系代词which引导了一个非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词Food of Thought . 因此which前面是主句，which后面是从句；
（2）在which引导的定语从句中,who 是关系代词，引导定语从句修饰先行词students， 并且在定语从句中做主语；
（3）在which引导的定语从句, which 是主语，allow 是谓语，to donate 是宾语补足语；
（4）在主句中出现三个动词 using, create, called, 需要区分谓语动词和非谓语动词。Using是谓语动词，to create是动词不定式做宾语补足语，Called 是过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰app;
重点词汇语法解析：
(1) donate: 赠送；献（血）；捐献（器官）;捐款，捐赠；
Donation : 名词形式
Donate something to somebody/something : 将…捐献给某人/某物；
（2）过去分词短语做后置定语：表示被动
A book written by Moyan :一本由莫言写的书；
A shopping mall opened last month: 一个上个月开张的购物商场；
（3）allow：允许
Allow doing sth （allow to do 不正确）
Allow sb to do sth
（4） kind-hearted: 仁慈的；善良的；宽容的；好心的;
（5）account：帐户；帐目；描述，报告；解释，说明；
open an account: 开银行账户；
keep detailed account: 记明细账；
He gave a detailed account of what happen on that night
他详细的描述了那天晚上发生的事；
（6）Account for :
(a) (数量，比例上)占…
Computer accounts for 5% of expense
电脑占据开支的5%。
（b）说明，解释（原因，理由）
I can`t account for why it happened.
我不能解释这件事为什么发生了。
长句翻译：
她和一群朋友正在利用他们的程序技巧，开发一款名为“思想食物”的新应用程序，该应用程序将允许家长、学生甚至善良的陌生人向附近学校学生的午餐账户捐款。
第9句
时间状语从句
Bees are now in danger and its number is going down every year largely because of human activity, while a third of the world`s food production depends on this yellow and dark insect and other pollinators .
长句分析：
（1）首先寻找连词：and, while
（2）While 作为连词有两个作用，一是并列连词，表示转折，翻译成“然而”，二是从属连词，引导时间状语从句，翻译成“当…的时候”。根据题意可知，此时while 为并列连词；
（3）此长句的前半部分是由and连接的两个并列句，前半部分主语+系统词 + 介词短语构成的主系表结构，后半部分是现在进行时；because of 为介词短语做原因状语
重要词汇语法解析：（1）in danger ：垂危；处于危险中；处于危险之中；
（2）go down ：下降；下沉；下降，降低；消退
（3）because of ：因为，由于；
（4）production ：生产，产量；
（5）depend on ：依靠
it all depends: 看情况
（6） a third ：三分之一， two thirds ：三分之二：英语中分数由两部分组成”基数词 + 序数词”，当基数词大于1时，序数词要使用复数形式；
长句翻译：蜜蜂现在正处于危险之中，它的数量每年都在下降，这主要是由于人类的活动，而世界上三分之一的粮食产量都依赖于这种黄色和深色的昆虫和其他授粉者。
第10句
定语从句
in 1767, the British introduced new laws that increased the prices of all goods which were brought intoAmerica.
长句分析：
（1）首先寻找连词：that, which
（2）That 引导了定语从句，修饰先行词laws ，并且that 在定语从句中充当主语的成分；
（3）Which 引导了定语从句，修饰先行词all goods, 并且which 在定语从句中做主语。注意：该定语从句是被动语态，系动词使用复数形式were， 是因为和先行词all goods 保持主谓一致；
（4）Introduce: 介绍， 采纳，发起；
长句翻译：1767年，英国实行了新的法律，提高了所有带入美国的商品的价格。返回搜狐，查看更多
责任编辑：

本人提出并提倡三步骤解析英语长难句的方法，旨在帮助考生在短时间内训练并提高快速准确读懂句子进而提高整体阅读理解的能力。另一个目的是尝试为考生提供切实有效的翻译练习和训练的机会，以促使考生更加准确辩析长难句的结构和意义以及英汉语言的差异。在此基础上，还致力于督促考生进行句型提炼的练习和训练，以为句子乃至段落写作提供参考和样本。下面为考生精选10句长难句作为实例进行解析和翻译并作相应的句型提炼，供考生参考。实例 I原句：Furthering that point, the association noted a number of somber research findings, including that men are four times more likely than women to die of suicide worldwide, are "far more likely" than women to be arrested and charged with intimate partner violence in the U.S. and commit about 90 percent of all homicides nationwide.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。…, the associationnoteda number, ….简化后的句子呈现为主句，主语是the association，谓语是noted，宾语是a number。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：Furthering that point, the association noted, ....回补后的成分是现在分词短语Furthering that point作状语，修饰谓语noted。2.2 回补成分2：Furthering that point, the association noted a number of somber research findings, ….继续回补的成分是of somber research findings，作宾语a number 的后置定语2.3 回补成分3：Furthering that point, the association noted a number of somber research findings, including that….继续回补的成分是现在分词短语including that作状语修饰谓语noted，that是连接词，引导including的宾语从句。2.4 回补成分4：Furthering that point, the association noted a number of somber research findings, including that men are… likely to die …,are “… likely” to be arrested and charged.… and commitabout 90 percent of all homicides nationwide.继续回补的成分是宾语从句的主语和并列谓语，主语是men，第一个are … likely to die和第二个并列谓语are “… likely” to be arrested and charged是系表结构加动词不定式作补足语或可看作是复合谓语，第三个并列谓语是动宾结构，其中about是副词作状语，90 percent是宾语，of all homicides是后置定语修饰percent，nationwide是副词作状语表示范围。2.5 回补成分5：Furthering that point, the association noted a number of somber research findings, including that men are four times more likelythanwomen to die …, are "far more likely" thanwomen to be arrested and charged … and commit ….继续回补的成分是两个比较级各自修饰两个系表结构的表语likely及比较对象women，其中four times表示确定的倍数，far表示不确定的程度，都修饰more。3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原Furthering that point, the association noted a number of somber research findings, including that men are four times more likely than women to die of suicide worldwide, are "far more likely" than women to be arrested and charged with intimate partner violence in the U.S.and commit about 90 percent of all homicides nationwide.最后回补并还原的成分是三个并列谓语的状语，其中of suicide作die的原因状语，worldwide作表示范围的状语，with intimate partner violence作be charged的原因状语，in the U.S. 作地点或范围状语。本句的特征是主语的前后都是现在分词短语作状语，后面的状语连接一个长且复杂的宾语从句，修饰成分偏多，信息载荷偏大。二、翻译：该协会指出关于这个观点，许多严谨的研究结果给予了进一步的拓展，包括在世界范围内，男性死于自杀的概率高于女性四倍，在美国，男性因亲密伴侣间的暴力而遭逮捕和指控的可能性远远高于女性，而且全美国男性犯杀人罪的比例大概占百分之九十。三、句型：Furthering that point, the association noted …, including that … four times more likely than … to do …,
far more likely than … to be … and commit ….实例II原句：Although the women's movement and political controversies about such issues and the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual harassment suggest that changing sex roles is a recent issue, this is far from the case.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。…, this is far from the case.简化后的句子是主系表结构，主语是this，系动词是is，形容词far加介词短语构成符合作表语。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：Although the women's movement and political controversies …suggest that …, this is far from the case.回补后的成分是由although引导的让步状语从句，主语是两个并列词组the women's movement和political controversies，谓语是suggest，宾语是that引导的从句，为简明计，暂省略。2.2 回补成分2：Although the women's movement and political controversies about such issues and the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual harassmentsuggest that …, this is far from the case.继续回补的成分是介词about接三个并列宾语作controversies的后置定语。3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原Although the women's movement and political controversies about such issues and the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual harassment suggest that changing sex roles is a recent issue, this is far from the case.最后回补还原的成分是由that引导的宾语从句，主语是动名词短语changing sex roles，谓语是系表结构形式。本句的特征是从句前置并且比较长，主句偏短，从句主语的修饰成分偏长，信息载荷偏多。二、翻译：虽然女权运动及其类似政治争议、平等权利修正案和性骚扰表明转变性别角色是新近出现的问题，但（实际上）远非如此。三、句型：Although the women's movement and … and … and … suggest that …, this is far from the case.实例III原句：Environmental organizations and researchers say the wildfires blazing in the rainforest were set by cattle ranchers and loggers who want to clear and utilize the land, emboldened by the country's pro-business president.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。Environmental organizations and researchers say….简化后的句子是主语结构，主语是Environmental organizations and researchers，谓语是say，因宾语是从句，为简明计，暂省略。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：Environmental organizations and researchers say the wildfires blazing in the rainforest were set by cattle ranchers and loggers ….回补后的成分是宾语从句，主语是the wildfires，谓语是were set，现在分词短语blazing in the rainforest作从句主语the wildfires的定语，介词短语by cattle ranchers and loggers作从句谓语were set的状语。2.2 回补成分2：Environmental organizations and researchers say the wildfires blazing in the rainforest were set by cattle ranchers and loggers who want to clear and utilize the land, ….继续回补的成分是定语从句修饰cattle ranchers and loggers，关系代词who既起连接作用又作从句的主语，want是谓语，to clear and utilize the land是动词不定式作宾语。3：还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原Environmental organizations and researchers say the wildfires blazing in the rainforest were set by cattle ranchers and loggers who want to clear and utilize the land, emboldened by the country's pro-business president.最后回补并还原的句子成分是过去分词短语定语从句的状语，emboldened修饰谓语want，其逻辑主语是who，暨cattle ranchers and loggers。本句的主要特征是宾语从句的介词宾语的修饰成分较多，过去分词emboldened的修饰作用不易快速辨别。二、翻译：环境机构和研究人员说，正在燃烧的森林大火是由因受到重商主义总统的鼓励而想要清理和利用土地的农场主和伐木工人点燃的。三、句型:Environmental organizations … say the wildfires blazing … were set by … who …, emboldened by ….实例IV原句：Billboard has published an oral history of what was going on behind the scenes, revealing new details like West's seat being moved to the front row "at the eleventh hour" and Beyoncé's tearful reaction.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。Billboard has published an oral history….简化后的成分是主谓宾结构，Billboard是主语，has published是谓语，an oral history是宾语。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：Billboard has published an oral history of what was going on behind the scenes, ….回补后的成分是由介词短语作定语修饰history，介词of的宾语是从句，what相当于汉语的“所”，是关系代词，既连接句子成分又在从句中作主语，was going on是谓语，behind the scenes是状语。2.2回补成分2：Billboard has published an oral history of what was going on behind the scenes, revealing new details like West's seat … and Beyoncé's tearful reaction.继续回补的成分是现在分词短语作宾语从句的状语，介词短语like... 是details的定语，后接两个并列宾语West's seat和Beyoncé's tearful reaction.3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。Billboard has published an oral history of what was going on behind the scenes, revealing new details like West's seat being moved to the front row “at the eleventh hour”and Beyoncé's tearful reaction.最后回补还原的成分是介宾结构like West's seat的宾语补足语，其中being是现在分词，和moved构成被动态，后边的两个介词短语分别作方位和时间状语。本句的特征是主句的宾语修饰成分长且多，名词所有格+动名词的被动态being moved…作介词宾语的补足语的成分比较特殊。二、翻译：榜单出版了一部关于幕后正在发生什么的口述历史，披露了诸如韦斯特的椅子在最后时刻被挪到了前排和碧昂斯泪眼涟涟的反应。三、句型：Billboard has published … of what …, revealing … like West's seat being moved ….实例V原句：Guided by years of research, this federal law has created funding opportunities to encourage states to provide services to meet families` mental health, substance use, and parenting needs to help keep children at home instead of sending them to foster care.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。…, this federal law has created funding opportunities ….简化后的成分是简单句，主语是this federal law，谓语是has created，宾语是funding opportunities。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：Guided by years of research, this federal law has created funding opportunities ….回补后的成分是过去分词短语作状语修饰主句的谓语has created，Guided和主语this federal构成被动的主谓关系。2.2 回补成分2：Guided by years of research, this federal law has created funding opportunities to encourage states to provide services to meet families’ mental health, substance use, and parenting needs….继续回补的成分是三个连续的动词不定式短语，第一个动词不定式短语to encourage states作状语修饰谓语created，第二个动词不定式短语to provide services作宾语补足语修饰states，第三个动词不定式作定语修饰services，其中动词meet接三个宾语，分别是mental health， substance use和parenting needs。3．还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。Guided by years of research, this federal law has created funding opportunities to encourage states to provide services to meet families’ mental health, substance use, and parenting needs to help keep children at home instead of sending them to foster care.最后回补还原的成分是动词不定式短语作定语修饰needs，其中help后接动词省略to，keep children at home是动词接宾语及补足语，instead of是副词词组作状语修饰help，sending them to foster care是动名词词组作of的宾语。本句的特征主要是动词不定式比较多，修饰关系比较复杂，此外过去分词和动名词等非谓语动词也需要特别关注。二、翻译：这部联邦法律，以多年的科学研究为指导，创造了许多融资机会以促使各州提供能够满足家庭成员的心理健康、药物使用和帮助儿童留在家里而非送往看护班的养育需求的服务。三、句型：Guided by …, this federal law has created …to encourage … to provide … to meet … to help … instead of sending ….实例VI原句：Mandatory evacuation orders for low-lying and flood-prone areas and mobile homes were in effect starting either Sunday or Monday from Palm Beach County north to at least the Daytona Beach area, and some counties to the north issued voluntary evacuation notices.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。Mandatory evacuation orders …were … starting … , and some counties … issued voluntary evacuation notices.简化后的成分是并列句，主语分别是Mandatory evacuation orders和some counties，并列谓语是were … starting和issued，第一个并列句是主谓结构，第二个并列句是主谓宾结构，宾语是voluntary evacuation notices。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。Mandatory evacuation orders for low-lying and flood-prone areas and mobile homeswere … starting …, and some counties to the north issued voluntary evacuation notices. 回补后的成分分别是两个并列句的主语的后置定语，介词for 接两个宾语… areas和… homes修饰orders，介词短语to the north修饰counties。3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。Mandatory evacuation orders for low-lying and flood-prone areas and mobile homes were in effect startingeither Sunday or Monday from Palm Beach County north to at least the Daytona Beach area, and some counties to the north issued voluntary evacuation notices. 最后回补还原后的成分是四个状语，第一个状语介词短语in effect作状语，插在助动词和谓语动词之间，使得状语分布比较平衡；第二个状语是由连接词either … or 引导的表示时间的状语，第三个状语是由介词词组from … to引导的表示方位的状语，第四个状语at least是介词和形容词构成的短语表示程度的状语。本句主要的特征是第一个并列句偏长，主语的定语偏长，尤其是状语偏多偏长，信息载荷偏大。二、翻译：强制撤离低洼易涝地区和活动房屋的命令实际上已于周日或周一在棕榈滩县以北至最近处代托纳海滩区开始实施，北方有些县发布了自愿撤离通知。三、句型：Mandatory evacuation orders for … were …starting either … or … from … to at least …, and some counties … issued ….实例VII原句：While most men seemed to have a favorable impression of the woman who outsmarted them in the test and evinced greater interest in befriending her---- the situation when transposed to real life showed the very men becoming less disposed toward befriending the smarter women, sharing their contact details and/or planning a date.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。… the situation… showed the very men becoming less disposed ….简化后的成分是简单句，主语是the situation，谓语是showed，宾语是the very men，补足语是becoming less disposed。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：While most men seemed to have a favorable impression of the woman… the situation …showed the very men becoming less disposed ….回补后的成分是时间状语从句，主语是most man，谓语seemed to have a favorable impression是系表结构，of the woman作impression的定语。2.2 回补成分2：While most men seemed to have a favorable impression of the woman who outsmarted them in the test and evinced greater interest in befriending her---- the situation … showed the very men becoming less disposed ….继续回补的成分是定语从句，关系代词who作从句的主语，并列谓语和宾语是outsmarted them和evinced greater interest，介词短语in befriending her作状语修饰evinced。2.3 回补成分3：While most men seemed to have a favorable impression of the woman who outsmarted them in the test and evinced greater interest in befriending her---- the situation when transposed to real lifeshowed the very men becoming less disposed ….继续回补的成分是省略形式的时间状语从句，连接词when连接过去分词，相当于when the situation was transposed…，to real life是状语修饰transposed。2.4 回补成分4：While most men seemed to have a favorable impression of the woman who outsmarted them in the test and evinced greater interest in befriending her---- the situation when transposed to real life showed the very men becoming less disposedtoward befriending the smarter women, ….继续回补的成分是介词短语作状语修饰becoming，befriending是动名词，接宾语the smarter women。3．还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。While most men seemed to have a favorable impression of the woman who outsmarted them in the test and evinced greater interest in befriending her---- the situation when transposed to real life showed the very men becoming less disposed toward befriending the smarter women, sharing their contact details and/or planning a date.最后回补还原的成分是动词不定式短语作定语修饰needs，其中help后接动词省略to，keep children at home是动词接宾语及补足语，instead of是副词词组作状语修饰help，sending them to foster care是动名词词组作of的宾语。本句的特征主要是动词不定式比较多，修饰关系比较复杂，此外，过去分词和动名词等非谓语动词也需要特别关注。二、翻译：大多数男性似乎对考试成绩超过自己的女性颇具好感，而且表现出很大的与之交往的兴趣，但同时当这一情景转换为真实生活时，如要交换联系方式或进行约会，这些男性对与比自己聪明的女性开展交往却不再显得那么有兴致。三、句型：While most men seemed to … who … and ...---- the situation when transposed … showed the very men becoming …, sharing ….实例VIII原句：Articles have appeared, including in Science, revealing some of the scientific and medical advances associated with slavery, such as the natural history collections derived from the transatlantic slave trade where Africans were shipped to the Americas as enslaved people whose labors became a driving force of the economies of the European colonies, or the cruel experimentation on enslaved women in the history of gynecology.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。Articles have appeared, …, …, ….简化后的成分是简单句，主语是Articles，谓语是have appeared。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：Articles have appeared, including in Science, …, such as the natural history collectionsderived from the transatlantic slave trade…, ….回补后的成分是动名词短语作状语从句，in Science是including的状语，插入动名词和宾语之间，such as…代词加介词短语作including的宾语，过去分词短语derived …作collections的后置定语。2.2 回补成分2：Articles have appeared, including in Science,revealing some of the scientific and medical advances associated with slavery, such as the natural history collections …, ….继续回补的成分是现在分词短语作状语修饰谓语，revealing的宾语是some，介词短语of the scientific and medical advances是后置定语修饰some，过去分词短语associated with slavery是后置定语修饰advances。2.3 回补成分3：Articles have appeared, including in Science, revealing some of the scientific and medical advances associated with slavery, such as the natural history collections derived from the transatlantic slave trade where Africans were shipped to the Americas as enslaved people .…, ….继续回补的成分是表示地点的定语从句，where是关系代词，在从句中作状语，Africans是主语，were shipped是谓语，to the Americas和as enslaved people都是介词短语作状语。3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。Articles have appeared, including in Science, revealing some of the scientific and medical advances associated with slavery, such as the natural history collections derived from the transatlantic slave trade where Africans were shipped to the Americas as enslaved people whose labors became a driving force of the economies of the European colonies, or the cruel experimentation on enslaved women in the history of gynecology.最后回补还原的成分是people的后置定语，whose是关系代词，在从句中作主语的定语，主语是labors，系动词是became，表语是a driving force，后接介词短语of …作定语，介词of接并列宾语the economies和the cruel experimentation， 其后的介词短语是各自的后置定语。本句的特征是主句前置且很短，然后由现在分词短语including和revealing作状语引导后续叠加修饰成分形成尾部荷重的句子结构，其中第二个现在分词短语revealing作为插入成分将including和such as … 分隔开来，以利于其后呈现叠加的修饰成分，同时也造成信息荷载偏大。二、翻译：许多文章得以发表，揭示出某些科学和医药发展与奴隶制具有相关性，包括诸如《科学》期刊上的关于起源于跨大西洋的奴隶贸易的自然历史文集，这种贸易使非洲人被当作受奴役的人船运到美洲，然后变成欧洲殖民地经济，或者妇科学历史上对于女性奴隶实施的残酷实验的驱动力量。三、句型：Articles have appeared, including in …, revealing …, such as… where Africans were shipped … whose labors became a driving force of …, or ….实例VIIII原句：The full cost of dealing with the crisis will run to hundreds of billions of dollars, which is why legal redress is needed—and why, unlike in tobacco settlements, the damages from pharma companies should go directly into alleviating the harm from opioids rather than into general government spending.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。The full cost… will run…, …, ….简化后的结构是简单句，主语是The full cost，谓语是will run。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：The full cost of dealing with the crisiswill run to hundreds of billions of dollars, …, ….回补后的成分是介词接动名词短语作后置定语修饰主语cost，和介词短语作主语修饰谓语。2.2 回补成分2：The full cost of dealing with the crisis will run to hundreds of billions of dollars, which is why legal redress is needed—and why, …, the damages from pharma companies should go directly….继续回补的成分是非限定性定语从句，which是关系代词，作从句的主语。系动词是is，表语是由两个连接词why引导并列从句，连接词and连接两个并列从句，主语分别是legal redress和the damages，谓语分别是is needed和should go，介词短语from pharma companies作定语修饰the damages，副词directly作状语修饰谓语should go，破折号表示作进一步的解释，不影响语法关系。2.3 回补成分3：The full cost of dealing with the crisis will run to hundreds of billions of dollars, which is why legal redress is needed—and why,unlike in tobacco settlements, the damages from pharma companies should go directly ….继续回补的成分是第二个并列表语的状语，形成插入成分，分隔连接词why和从句的状语。3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。The full cost of dealing with the crisis will run to hundreds of billions of dollars, which is why legal redress is needed—and why, unlike in tobacco settlements, the damages from pharma companies should go directly into alleviating the harm from opioids rather than into general government spending.最后回补并还原的成分是第二个并列表语的由介词into引导的状语，前一个介词接动名词并宾语，介词短语from opioids作定语修饰the harm，介词短语rather than再接介词短语into general government spending与前一个介词短语into…形成对比。本句的特征是非限定性定语从句含有并列表语，第二个并列表语偏长，修饰成分偏多，信息载荷偏大。二、翻译：处理危机的全部耗费将高达数千亿美元，这就是需要法律救济的原因所在——而且与烟草的法律调解不同，这也是为什么来自制药公司的损害赔偿应该直接进行类罂粟碱损害减缓而非计入一般性政府支出的原因所在。三、句型：The full cost of … will run to hundreds of billions of ..., which is why …—and why, unlike …, the damages from … should go directlyinto … rather than into ….实例X原句：He believes the problem lies in the anti-competitive practices of the Multiple Listing Service, through which nearly every broker in America lists and searches for homes, and the National Association of Realtors, a trade association with 1.3m broker members in America, which regulates it.一、解析：1. 简化结构：快速确定主句和主句中的主语、谓语和宾语成分，删除其它成分。He believes…，…，….简化后的结构是简单句，主语是He，谓语是believes，宾语是从句，为简明计，暂省略。2. 回补成分：根据语法结构、信息组块和意义理解依次回补句子成分。2.1 回补成分1：He believes the problem lies in the anti-competitive practices of the Multiple Listing Service, …, and the National Association of Realtors, …, ….回补后的成分是宾语从句，主语是the problem，谓语是lies，介词短语in…作状语修饰谓语，介词of接并列宾语the Multiple Listing Service和the National Association of Realtors作定语修饰practices。2.2 回补成分2：He believes the problem lies in the anti-competitive practices of the Multiple Listing Service, through which nearly every broker in America lists and searches for homes, and the National Association of Realtors, …, ….继续回补的成分是非限定性定语从句其中which是关系代词，作定语从句的前置介词的宾语，主语是every broker，谓语是lists和searches，副词nearly，介词短语in America和for homes都是状语。3. 还原句子：回补最后一个成分并最终将长难句还原。He believes the problem lies in the anti-competitive practices of the Multiple Listing Service, through which nearly every broker in America lists and searches for homes, and the National Association of Realtors,a trade association with 1.3m broker members in America, which regulates it.最后回补并还原的成分是同位语和非限定性定语从句修饰the National Association of Realtors，介词短语with…和非限定性定语从句都是作定语修饰association。二、翻译：他相信问题的症结在于实施了房产多重登记服务和美国房地产经纪人协会的反竞争行规，前者可以使几乎每个美国经纪人登记和查询房产，后者暨拥有一千三百万经纪人成员的行业协会对前者进行规范。三、句型：He believes the problem lies in …, through which … and …, a trade association with …, which regulates it.

说起句子成分，大家肯定知道不少，什么主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语。随口就来，能说出一大堆，但是这些句子成分的英文是什么大家知道吗？要知道，英语是英国人发明的，可不是中国人发明的。虽然我们通过翻译将英语语法翻译成了中文，但与此同时也就缺失了英文单词之间的联系。接下来，我就给大家好好讲讲句子成分的英文。01一般的句子一般的句子都由两部分组成，即主语部分（subject group）和谓语部分（predicate group）。注意！Subject group不等于subject，predicate group不是predicate。02句子成分句子成分包含以下六种：从上到下分别是主语、谓语或谓语动词、宾语、补语和表语、定语、状语和句子独立成分。1. 大家注意看，subject（主语）和object（宾语）是不是特别相似？主语是动作的施动者，宾语是动作的受动者，大家好好想想它们有什么联系？2. predicate（谓语）和predicative（表语）是不是也特别相似？连系动词（Link verb）+表语（predicative）组成谓语部分（predicate group），大家能不能想出一两个这样的例句来呢？这里的am就是连系动词，teacher就是表语，作主语的补语。句子中I是主语部分（subject group），am a teacher作谓语部分（predicate group）。3. 状语（adverbial）和动词（verb）、副词（adverb）是不是也特别相似？大家注意，状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词和整个句子的，常由副词或相当于副词的短语或从句担任。所以说状语其实就是副词的一种应用，这样大家就不难理解adverbial为什么会和adverb如此相似了吧？03句子成分常用规则为了便于记忆，我个人将本来的五点常用规则划分为了三类。第一类是提前（precede）规则，包括冠词置于名词之前，介词至于名词和代词之前，感叹词置于句首。大家仔细观察，noun和pronoun是不是特别像？pronoun是代词，大家可以理解为替代名词（noun）的词，所以叫pronoun。第二类是连词（conjunction）规则。连词规则是我个人为了记忆方便编的，其内容就是连词一般放在词语、短语、主句和从句之间，或置于句首。第三类是虚词（function word）规则。即虚词一般不作句子成分，并且位置固定。好了，以上就是本期“句子成分的英语”的全部内容，大家如果有什么建议或者疑惑都可以踊跃在评论区留言哈~期待与你们的思想碰撞。